ABSTRACT
In Chile, in 1985 rabies was detected in insectivorous bats. Since then the epidemiological surveillance activities was extended to these species and the epidemiological pattern was characterized as endemic in bats. In this study we analyzed positive rabies cases in the Metropolitan Region between 2000 and 2009. We identified 325 cases of rabies in 11.472 analyzed samples. We determined an increase of positivity cases in bats between the years of the study. Places with the highest number of positives cases were Las Condes, Santiago, Providencia, Puente Alto and Ñuñoa. In 147 cases we identify the circumstances in which the bat was found: 89 inside, 45 outside the building and 13 in public spaces. In 39 cases there was contact with humans or animals. These results reinforce the relevance of educating the population against the contact with bats and allow health authorities to take early surveillance and control measures.
En Chile, en 1985, se detectó por primera vez rabia en murciélagos insectívoros. Desde entonces, las acciones de vigilancia epidemiológica se ampliaron hacia estas especies, caracterizándose el patrón epidemiológico como una endemia en quirópteros. En este estudio se analizaron epidemiológicamente los casos positivos a rabia en la Región Metropolitana, entre los años 2000 y 2009. Se identificaron 325 casos de rabia en murciélagos de un total de 11.472 analizados. Se determinó un aumento de positividad en los murciélagos entre los años analizados. Las comunas con mayor número de positivos fueron Las Condes, Santiago, Providencia, Puente Alto y Ñuñoa. En 147 casos se señalan las circunstancias en que se encontró el murciélago: 89 al interior, 45 al exterior del inmueble y 13 en la vía pública. En 39 casos hubo contacto con personas o animales. Estos resultados reafirman la importancia de la educación de la población frente al contacto con murciélagos y permiten a las autoridades sanitarias tomar las medidas de vigilancia y control en forma oportuna.
Subject(s)
Adult , Animals , Child , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Chiroptera/virology , Disease Reservoirs/veterinary , Rabies virus/isolation & purification , Rabies/veterinary , Chile/epidemiology , Rabies/epidemiology , Rabies/transmission , Urban PopulationABSTRACT
A retrospective epidemiological study about epidemiology of rabies in Chile between years 1989 and 2005 was done. A data base of 39793 national registries of rabies samples was analyzed by means of statistical packages. Out of 39793 analyzed cases, 719 bats, 7 dogs, 7 cats, 1 bovine and 1 human were positive to rabies throughout the 17 years of this study. The statistical analysis established a significant increase in the proportions of positivity in bats, with predominance of variant 4 between the reservoirs. Given the complexity of the wild cycle of the rabies in Chile, it is necessary to maintain a program control of rabies, directed to educate people for a responsible possession of domestic animals, due to the risk of rabies transmission from bat to the susceptible species.
Se realizó este estudio para actualizar el conocimiento epidemiológico de la rabia en Chile, entre los años 1989 y 2005. Se trabajó con una base de datos de 39.793 registros históricos nacionales de muestras para el diagnóstico de rabia que mantiene el Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile, analizando los datos mediante paquetes estadísticos. De los 39.793 casos analizados se detectaron positivos a rabia en murciélagos (n: 719), perros (n: 7), gatos (n: 7), bovino (n: 1) y humano (n:l) a lo largo de los 17 años de estudio; estos representan el total de casos confirmados en Chile durante ese período. El análisis estadístico determinó un aumento lento pero significativo de positividad a rabia en murciélagos con un predominio de la variante 4 entre los reservónos circulantes. Dada la complejidad del ciclo silvestre de la rabia en Chile, es necesario mantener un programa de control de rabia dirigido a la educación de la población en pro de la tenencia responsable de los animales domésticos; existe riesgo de transmisión de la rabia desde murciélago a las especies susceptibles.
Subject(s)
Animals , Cats , Cattle , Dogs , Humans , Chiroptera/virology , Rabies virus/immunology , Rabies/epidemiology , Antibodies, Monoclonal/blood , Antibodies, Viral/blood , Chile/epidemiology , Chiroptera/classification , Retrospective Studies , Risk Factors , Rabies virus/classification , Rabies/transmission , Rabies/virologyABSTRACT
Background: A WHO experts committee recommended the substitution of antirabic vaccines produced in nervous tissue, by vaccines produced in tissue cultures. Aim: To compare the immunogenic capacity of antirabic vaccines CRL (produced in nervous tissue) and Verorab½ (produced in tissue culture), used for pre-exposure prophylaxis in humans. Patients and methods: Fifty four volunteers were immunized for this study. The first group, vaccinated with CLR was treated with a scheme of 4 subcutaneous peri umbilical doses in days 0, 3, 7 and 28. The second group, vaccinated with Verorab½ vaccine was treated with a scheme of 3 intramuscular doses in deltoid zone at days 0, 7 and 28. Blood samples were obtained at days 0, 7, 42 and 365 to measure neutralizing antibodies using the Inhibition of Fluorescent Focus Technique (RFFIT). Results: At day seven, a primary non protective immunologic response was observed in both groups, with titers significantly higher in the group vaccinated with Verorab½. At day 42, no differences were observed. At day 365, all subjects vaccinated with Verorab½ and 50 percent of individuals vaccinated with CRL had protective antibody titers (p <0,05). Conclusions: The vaccine produced in cell breeds (Verorab½) produces a better an faster immunologic response compared to the CRL vaccine (Rev Méd Chile 2004; 132: 41-6).
Subject(s)
Adult , Humans , Rabies Vaccines , Dose-Response Relationship, ImmunologicABSTRACT
Background: The first massive national measles vaccination campaign in Chile was done in 1992. Since then a laboratory surveillance of the disease has been undertaken at the Instituto de Salud Pública. Aim: To report the results of laboratory surveillance of measles between 1992 and 1995. Material and metbods: Paired serum samples from suspected cases of measles were received at the Institute. Measles specific IgG was determined with indirect immunofluorescence methods. IgG and IgM immunoenzymatic methods were used as complementary techiques, and rubella infections were ruled out by hemmaglutination inhibition tests. Results: Sera from 1087 presumptive cases (489 in 1992, 196 in 1993, 180 in 1994 and 222 in 1995) were analyzed. Only two cases of wild imported measles were confirmed, one in Arica in 1992 and the other in Santiago in 1993. Five additional post vaccine cases were detected. Eighty eight percent of samples in 1992 and 75 percent in 1994 were seropositive. A high percentage of cases were confirmed as rubella (55 percent in 1992 and 19 percent in 1994). Conclusions: Absence of wild measles virus circulation in Chile from 1992 to 1995 emphasizes the importance of laboratory surveillance of the disease
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant , Child, Preschool , Adolescent , Measles/epidemiology , Measles Vaccine/immunology , Epidemiological Monitoring , Communicable Disease Control/trends , Measles/immunology , Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect , Fluorescent Antibody TechniqueABSTRACT
Hasta la década de los 60, el sarampión era una importante causa de morbimortalidad en Chile. La vacunación programática, iniciada en 1963, tuvo un impacto real en disminuir tanto las tasas de morbilidad como las de mortalidad. Sin embargo, se produjo una epidemia entre los años 1988 y 1989 a pesar de una alta cobertura de vacunación; algunas razones para ello fueron la aplicación de la vacuna antes del año de edad y deficiencias documerytadas en la cadena de frío. Con posterioridad, un nuevo esquema de vacunación a los 12 meses de edad, la revacunación en edad escolar, mejorías en la cadena de frío, coberturas de vacunación superiores al 95 por ciento, y una campaña nacional de vacunación anti sarampión a menores de 15 años, durante 1992, permitieron cortar la transmisión del sarampión. Un programa especial de vigilancia, con estudio serológico de todos los casos sospechosos de sarampión, detectó un último paciente, infección adquirida en el exterior, en Enero de 1993. Durante 1996, se reforzó la inmunidad contra la enfermedad mediante una nueva campaña orientada a vacunar la población bajo 1 5 años de edad. Hoy en día, los adultos jóvenes constituyen la población susceptible, y en riesgo, de contraer el sarampión